Positive effect of fir-rowan intimate mixture on new forest floor and topsoil following afforestation

Litterfall of silver fir contributes to development forest floor similarly like Norway spruce litterfall does. The nutrient return soil can be intensified by mixing these conifers with other tree species whose effects on are positive; our study deals European rowan. aimed at firs and rowans in alternating rows (Fi-Ro) compared the monospecific plantation (Fi) two former meadow sites stands 20 17 years age, respectively. Both organic its mineral subsurface were sampled. Rowan admixed improved both uppermost layer topsoil as higher pH, more favourable soil-sorption properties plant available magnesium found below Fi-Ro Fi. Fine dry matter was Fi, which reflected carbon (Cox), combustible nitrogen pools. Besides trees soil, silvicultural issues such renewal costs performance mixed presented discussed.